|
The alae is a protruding ridge that forms longitudinally on many nematodes. In the ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' nematode they are present in the L1, dauer (an alternative long living larvae stage where the nematode is dormant) and adult stages. The alae is most pronounced during the dauer larval stage and not present in the L2, and L3 ''C. elegans'' stages. The term ‘alae’ is the plural of ala (wing), describing either one of the pair of ridges that forms on a nematode or an individual crease found on an individual ridge. The term ‘ala’ is rarely used in describing the alae and scientific journals use the term ‘alae’ both singularly and in the plural. ==Structure== The alae is formed by the hypodermal seam cells where a fibrous ribbon of a zona pellucida (ZP) domain protein is produced. In ''C. elegans'' many of these proteins are termed CUT-1.〔Ristoratore, F., Cermola, M., Nola, M., Bazzicalupo, P., and Favre, R. (1994) Ultrastructural immuno localization of CUT-1 and CUT-2 antigenic sites in the cuticles of the nematode ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', J. Submier. Cytol. Pathol. 26, 437-443.〕 The CUT refers to cuticulins which are the various proteins that are not solubilised by both reducing agents and detergents〔Fujimoto, D., and Kanaya, S. (1973) Cuticlin a noncollagen structural protein form Ascaris cuticle, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 157, 1-6.〕 made insoluble by the nature of their crosslinks.〔Lewis, E., sebastiano, M., Nola, M., Zei, F., Lassandro, F., Cermola, M., Favre, R., and Bazzicalupo, P., (1994) Cuticlin genes of nematodes. Parasite Biology and Biochemistry 1.1S p.57-58.〕〔Lewis, E., Hunter, S.J., Tetley, L., Nunes, C.P., Bazzicalupo, P., and Devaney, E., CUT-1 like genes are present in the filarial nematodes, ''Brugia pahangi'' and ''Brugia malayi'', and, as in other nematodes, code for components of the cuticle, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 101 (1999) 173-183.〕 Described as a matrix that appears to be holding the two sides of the collagenous cuticle together for strengthening〔De Giorgi, C., De Luca, F., Di Vito, M., and Lamberti, F. (1997) Modulation of expression at the level of spiging of cut-1 RNA in the infective second-stage juvenile of the plant parasitic nematode ''Meloidogyne artiella''. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253,589-598.〕 it should also be interpreted as a matrix separating the cuticle thereby exposing itself to the external environment.〔Vermont, R.C., (2003) Characterisation of cDNA from ''Haemonchus contortus'' (Barber's pole worm) encoding a Cuticulin. Dissertation, Charles Sturt University NSW. This information is not publicly available and is held at CSU School of Agriculture. Further information may be sourced by emailing the author〕 The alae is formed during an oxidative process where peroxidase acts on protein bound tyrosine residues. The alae is a crease, that by the cross linking process causes radial shrinking of the seam cell secreted proteins. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alae (nematode anatomy)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|